 |
Publisher: Peytchinski Publishing Ltd.
ISSN: 1312-773X (Online)
Issue: 2025, vol. 31, issue2
Subject Area: Dental Medicine
-
DOI: 10.5272/jimab.2025312.6159
Published online: 28 April 2025
Original article
J of IMAB. 2025 Apr-Jun;31(2):6159-6165
EFFECT OF PROBIOTICS AND PROPOLIS ON PLAQUE INDEX, PLAQUE PH, AND SALIVARY PH VALUES
Ralitsa Bogovska-Gigova
, Krasimir Hristov,
Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria.
ABSTRACT:
Introduction: Despite preventive care, the prevalence of dental caries worldwide remains significant. This requires the search for and expansion of options for its prevention. Part of this effort is the addition of probiotic bacteria and propolis to various products for use in the oral cavity to reduce pathogenic microorganisms.
Purpose: The study aimed to evaluate and compare the effects of oral probiotic tablets and propolis mouthwash in children aged 7 to 12 on the pH values of dental biofilm and saliva and their potential for application as an element in the prevention of dental caries.
Results: The results show that 14 days of probiotic intake by children decreases plaque accumulation to values between 1.28 and 1.32. An increase in salivary and plaque pH values was also observed on the 7th and 14th day after regular use of probiotic tablets or propolis products. The table shows that both products participating in the study affected the plaque index and the pH levels in plaque and saliva in almost the same way, with no significant differences.
Conclusion: The present study results are in favor of the use of probiotics in children and suggest that oral administration of probiotics may help to increase plaque and salivary pH values with regular intake in children at average or high risk of developing caries, as well as to reduce plaque index among adolescents. Propolis mouthwash is a good alternative for children, especially those at high risk of developing caries. Propolis may be a promising agent for preventing oral diseases, demonstrated by the reduction of the plaque index and the increase of plaque and salivary pH.
Keywords: propolis, probiotics, oral health, preventive means,
- Download FULL TEXT /PDF 502 KB/
Please cite this article as: Bogovska-Gigova R, Hristov K. Effect of probiotics and propolis on plaque index, plaque pH, and salivary pH values. J of IMAB. 2025 Apr-Jun;31(2):6159-6165. [Crossref - 10.5272/jimab.2025312.6159]
Correspondence to: Ralitsa Bogovska-Gigova, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University – Sofia; 1, Georgi Sofiisky Str., Sofia, Bulgaria; E-mail: r.bogovska@fdm.mu-sofia.bg
REFERENCES:
1. Qin X, Zi H, Zeng X. Changes in the global burden of untreated dental caries from 1990 to 2019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease study. Heliyon. 2022 Sep 21;8(9):e10714. [PubMed ]
2. Chen LR, Lai CL, Chen JP, Kao CT. The Effect of Probiotics Use on Salivary Cariogenic Bacteria in Orthodontic Patients with Various Caries Risk Status. Nutrients. 2022; 14(15):3196. [Crossref]
3. Abikshyeet P, Mishra P, Bhuyan L, Kumar V, Mahapatra N, Adhikary T. Probiotics: Dawn of a New Era in Dental Caries Management. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2022 Jul;14(Suppl 1):S34-S38. [Crossref]
4. Sun Y, Jiang W, Zhang M, Zhang L, Shen Y, Huang S, et al. The Inhibitory Effects of Ficin on Streptococcus mutans Biofilm Formation. Biomed Res Int. 2021 Mar 23;2021:6692328. [Crossref]
5. Flichy-Fernández AJ, Alegre-Domingo T, Peñarrocha-Oltra D, Peñarrocha-Diago M. Probiotic treatment in the oral cavity: an update. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2010;15(5):e677-e680. [Crossref]
6. Laleman I, Detailleur V, Slot DE, Slomka V, Quirynen M, Teughels W. Probiotics reduce mutans streptococci counts in humans: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Oral Investig. 2014;18(6):1539-1552. [Crossref]
7. Zhao Z, Wu J, Sun Z, Fan J, Liu F, Zhao W, et al. Postbiotics Derived from L. paracasei ET-22 Inhibit the Formation of S. mutans Biofilms and Bioactive Substances: An Analysis. Molecules. 2023 Jan 27;28(3):1236. [Crossref]
8. Maehata H, Arai S, Iwabuchi N, Abe F. Immuno-modulation by heat-killed Lacticaseibacillus paracasei MCC1849 and its application to food products. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2021 Jan-Dec;35:20587384211008291. [Crossref]
9. Anwar MA, Sayed GA, Hal DM, El Hafeez M, Shatat AA, Salman A. Herbal remedies for oral and dental health: a comprehensive review of their multifaceted mechanisms including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant pathways. Inflammopharmacol 2025; 33:1085–1160. [Crossref]
10. Halboub E, Al-Maweri SA, Al-Wesabi M, Al-Kamel A, Shamala A, Al-Sharani A, Koppolu P. Efficacy of propolis-based mouthwashes on dental plaque and gingival inflammation: a systematic review. BMC Oral Health. 2020 Jul 10;20(1):198. [Crossref]
11. Governa P, Cusi MG, Borgonetti V, Sforcin JM, Terrosi C, Baini G, Miraldi E,Biagi M. Beyond the Biological Effect of a Chemically Characterized PoplarPropolis: Antibacterial and Antiviral Activity and Comparison with Flurbiprofen in Cytokines Release by LPS-Stimulated Human Mononuclear Cells. Biomedicines. 2019;7(4):73. [Crossref]
12. Veloz JJ, Alvear M, Salazar LA. Antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity against Streptococcus mutans of individual and mixtures of the main polyphenolic compounds found in Chilean propolis. BioMed. Res. Int. 2019;2019:1–7. [Crossref]
13. Carvalho C, Fernandes WHC, Mouttinho TBF, Souza DM, Marcucci MC,D'Alpino PHP. Evidence-based studies and perspectives of the use of Brazilian green and red propolis in dentistry. Eur J Dent. 2019;13(3):459–65. [Crossref]
14. Asgharpour F, Moghadamnia AA, Zabihi E, Kazemi S, Ebrahimzadeh Namvar A, Gholinia H, et al. Iranian propolis efficiently inhibits growth of oral streptococci and cancer cell lines. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2019 Oct 11;19(1):266. [Crossref]
15. Alghutaimel H, Matoug-Elwerfelli M, Alhaji M, Albawardi F, Nagendrababu V, Dummer PMH. Propolis Use in Dentistry: A Narrative Review of Its Preventive and Therapeutic Applications. Int Dent J. 2024 Jun;74(3):365-386. [Crossref]
16. Guru Vishnu C, Gurunathan D, Ramakrishnan M. Comparative Analysis Of Dental Plaque pH And Streptococcus mutans Count Changes Following Probiotic Curd Consumption: A Prospective Randomized Control Trial. J Popul Ther Clin Pharmacol. 2023; 30(14):191-194. [Crossref]
17. Poorni S, MS N, Ramakrishnan Srinivasan M. Comparing The Effect of Probiotic Streptococcus Salivarius K12 and M18 on the Streptococcus Mutans Count, Salivary pH And Buffer Capacity: A Randomized Double Blinded Clinical Trial. Cumhuriyet Dent J 2021;24:4:346-354. [Crossref]
18. Matuq Badri S, Felemban EH, Alnajjar GK, Alotaibi FM, Aljahdali ST, Maher YA, et al. Effectiveness of probiotic lozenges and Chlorhexidine mouthwash on plaque index, salivary pH, and Streptococcus mutans count among school children in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Dent J. 2021 Nov;33(7):635-641. [Crossref]
19. Shah SS, Nambiar S, Kamath D, Suman E, Unnikrishnan B, Desai A, et al. Comparative Evaluation of Plaque Inhibitory and Antimicrobial Efficacy of Probiotic and Chlorhexidine Oral Rinses in Orthodontic Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Int J Dent. 2019 Feb 20;2019:1964158. [Crossref]
20. Santiago KB, Piana GM, Conti BJ, Cardoso EO, Murbach Teles Andrade BF, et al. Microbiological control and antibacterial action of a propolis-containing mouthwash and control of dental plaque in humans. Nat Prod Res. 2018 Jun;32(12):1441-1445. [Crossref]
21. Bakery A, Abd-Alkhalek W, Elkadi A. Effect of Honeybee's Product (Propolis) Mouth rinse in Inhibition of Plaque Accumulation and Improvement of Gingival Health. Dental Science Updates, 2023; 4(1):1-11. [Crossref]
22. Koo H, Cury JA, Rosalen PL, Ambrosano GM, Ikegaki M, Park YK. Effect of a mouthrinse containing selected propolis on 3-day dental plaque accumulation and polysaccharide formation. Caries Res. 2002 Nov-Dec;36(6):445-8. [Crossref]
23. Muralikrishnan K, Asokan S, Priya PR. Effect of different chewing gums on dental plaque pH, salivary pH, and buffering capacity in children: A randomized controlled trial. SRM J Res Dent Sci 2018; 9:158‑63. [Crossref]
24. Kurek-Górecka A, Walczyńska-Dragon K, Felitti R, Baron S, Olczyk P. Propolis and Diet Rich in Polyphenols as Cariostatic Agents Reducing Accumulation of Dental Plaque. Molecules. 2022 Jan 2;27(1):271. [Crossref]
25. Listyasari NA, Santoso O. Inhibition of dental plaque formation by toothpaste containing propolis. Dent J. 2012 Dec;45(4):208-211. [Crossref]
Received: 06 December 2024
Published online: 28 April 2025