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Publisher: Peytchinski Publishing Ltd.
ISSN: 1312-773X (Online)
Issue: 2026, vol. 32, issue2
Subject Area: Dental Medicine
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DOI: 10.5272/jimab.2026322.6913
Published online: 11 June 2026
Original article
J of IMAB. 2026 Apr-Jun;32(2):6913-6919
EFFECT OF BIOGAIA® PRODENTIS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF BLACK STAINS IN CHILDREN: A COMPARATIVE STUDY
Kristina Tabutova
, Maria Shindova,
Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University – Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
ABSTRACT:
Aim: To evaluate the clinical effect of the probiotic BioGaia® ProDentis as an adjunctive therapy for the removal of black stains on tooth surfaces in children.
Methods and materials: The study included sixty 5-12-year-old patients with extrinsic black stains, meeting equal inclusion and exclusion criteria. The Modified Lobene Index was used to evaluate the disturbance of black stain pigmentation. Patients were divided into two equal treatment groups. In the experimental group, black stains were removed through professional oral hygiene, followed by the prescription of the probiotic supplement BioGaia® ProDentis for a month, whereas in the control group, only professional oral hygiene was performed. Data processing and analysis were carried out using the statistical software IBM SPSS v 25 (SPSS Inc., IL, USA). An independent sample t-test was used to compare mean differences between two groups.
Results: At the first visit, no significant difference in the distribution of black stain pigmentation was observed between the two groups (p >0.05). By the second visit, the experimental group showed a significant reduction of black stain pigmentation on vestibular and oral surfaces (p <0.001). By the third visit, these beneficial effects remained relatively stable (p <0.001).
Conclusions: The adjunctive use of probiotic BioGaia® ProDentis leads to a progressive reduction of black tooth stains in pediatric patients, achieving statistical and clinical significance at the final assessment.
Keywords: black stain, probiotics, Lactobacillus reuteri,
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Please cite this article as: Tabutova, K Shindova M. Effect of BioGaia® ProDentis in the management of black stains in children: a comparative study. J of IMAB. 2026 Apr-Jun;32(2):6913-6919. [Crossref - 10.5272/jimab.2026322.6913]
Correspondence to: Kristina Tabutova, DMD, Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University – Plovdiv; 3, Hristo Botev Blvd., 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria. E-mail: kristinatabutova7@gmail.com
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Received: 01 October 2025
Published online: 11 June 2026